Cold email results for SaaS companies in 2026 average a 1.9–3.5% reply rate — lower than most industries, but elite campaigns regularly hit 10%+ by getting three things right: a locked ICP, deliverability infrastructure, and personalization that goes beyond first name. If you're running cold outbound or evaluating it as a channel, this guide breaks down what the numbers actually look like, why SaaS underperforms the benchmark, and what separates top-performing campaigns from the noise.
What Cold Email Results for SaaS Look Like in 2026
According to Instantly's 2026 Cold Email Benchmark Report — which analyzed billions of outbound interactions — the platform-wide average reply rate sits at 3.43%, down from 5.1% two years prior. SaaS specifically runs even lower. Here's what a realistic benchmark table looks like:
| Metric | SaaS Average | Top Quartile (SaaS) | Elite Performers |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open Rate | ~47.1% | 55–65% | 65%+ |
| Reply Rate | 1.9–3.5% | 5–7% | 10–18% |
| Meeting-Booked Rate | ~0.8–1% | 1–2% | 2–3% |
| Meetings per 1,000 Sends | 8–10 | 10–20 | 20–30 |
The open rate story for SaaS is interesting — at 47.1%, software companies actually lead all industries in opens, per Martal's 2026 B2B cold email statistics report. The problem is converting those opens into replies. SaaS inboxes are flooded with outbound. Your prospects have seen every pitch. The copy, targeting, and offer have to earn the reply.
For a full walkthrough of SaaS-specific outbound strategy, see our guide on Cold Email for SaaS.
The SaaS Cold Email Funnel: From First Send to Booked Pipeline
Cold email isn't just a "send and hope" channel — it's a pipeline funnel with measurable conversion rates at each stage. Understanding where deals fall off tells you exactly where to focus your optimization effort.
Typical Conversion Rates at Each Stage
A reasonably optimized SaaS cold email campaign looks like this per 1,000 emails sent:
- Emails delivered: ~980 (assuming sub-2% bounce rate)
- Opens: ~450–470 (47% open rate)
- Replies: ~20–35 (2–3.5% reply rate)
- Positive replies / interested: ~8–12
- Meetings booked: ~8–10
That means for every 1,000 well-targeted sends, a competent campaign generates roughly 8–10 conversations. Elite campaigns with strong ICP fit and personalization can push that to 20–30 meetings per 1,000 sends. The difference is the work that happens before you hit send — the list quality, the offer, and the sequence copy. A strong B2B outbound sales process ties all of this together.
Why the Meeting-Booked Rate Is the Metric That Matters
Reply rate is a vanity metric if you're not tracking what those replies convert to. An "out of office" reply counts. A "remove me" counts. What you want to obsess over is meetings booked per 1,000 sends — that's the number tied directly to pipeline. Everything else is noise. If you're combining cold email with LinkedIn, the results look even better — omnichannel sequences produce over 287% more results than email alone, according to the Martal data. Our breakdown of cold email vs LinkedIn covers when to use each channel and how to combine them effectively.
Why SaaS Gets Lower Reply Rates Than Other Industries
SaaS reply rates run below the cross-industry average because SaaS buyers are, frankly, the most bombarded prospects in outbound. Every SDR at every startup is emailing the same VP of Sales, Head of Marketing, or CTO. The volume is extreme, which means the bar for relevance is higher.
Three specific reasons SaaS underperforms:
- Generic ICPs. "B2B SaaS companies with 50–500 employees" is not a target market. That's a database filter. When your email could have been sent to 50,000 different companies, it reads like it. Tight ICP definition — down to the tech stack, funding stage, and job change triggers — is what separates 2% from 10% reply rates. Understanding B2B buying signals helps you find prospects at the exact moment they're ready to talk.
- Weak offers. Most SaaS cold emails lead with features or a "let's connect" ask. Neither is compelling. The offer has to create immediate perceived value — a specific outcome the prospect wants, delivered in one sentence. Read our guide on crafting a cold email offer that actually converts.
- Bad lists. SaaS sellers are notorious for buying data and blasting it. Old contacts, wrong titles, irrelevant companies — all of it tanks deliverability and kills reply rates before the campaign even has a chance. Building a clean, verified list is the unsexy foundation that everything else depends on. Here's how to build a B2B lead list that doesn't destroy your sender reputation.
Industries like recruiting and financial services see higher reply rates partly because their value props are easier to communicate in one or two sentences. SaaS products require more context, which means your copy has to do more work — fast. For comparison, see how cold email performs for financial services and staffing companies.
The Reply Rate Levers That Actually Move the Needle
The data on what actually improves cold email results for SaaS is pretty clear — and most senders are ignoring the biggest levers.
Personalization Beyond First Name
According to Martal's analysis of multiple campaign studies, emails with advanced personalization — meaning personalization tied to the prospect's actual business context, not just their name — achieve 18% reply rates versus 9% for generic templates. That's double the output from the same number of sends. The catch? Only 5% of senders actually personalize every message. That's a massive competitive gap you can exploit right now.
Advanced personalization means referencing something specific: a recent hire, a product launch, a tech stack integration, a LinkedIn post, a funding round. One sentence that proves you actually looked at this person's company changes the entire tone of the email. AI tools are making this scalable — check out our overview of AI outreach tools for sales teams that can handle personalization at volume without making it sound robotic.
Subject Lines: What the Data Actually Shows
Per Belkins' B2B subject line study, personalized subject lines hit a 46% open rate versus 35% without personalization — a 31% jump. Subject lines between 21 and 40 characters achieve the highest average open rate at 49.1%. Question-format subject lines also average 46% opens.
What this means practically:
- Keep subject lines under 6 words — they show fully on mobile
- Use the prospect's company name or a specific context trigger
- Questions work ("Quick question about [Company]'s outbound?") — but overused ones feel lazy
- Avoid spam trigger words and ALL CAPS
Hook Type and Email Length
The Digital Bloom's 2025 hook analysis found that timeline-based hooks achieve a 10.01% reply rate versus 4.39% for problem-based hooks — a 2.3x gap. A timeline hook ties your outreach to a specific moment or event ("You recently raised a Series A — most teams in your position are scaling outbound around now"). It creates relevance without being pushy.
On length: Instantly's 2026 data confirms emails under 80 words outperform longer formats. The Martal study found 50–125 words achieves roughly 50% higher reply rates than longer emails. Short, specific, and easy to respond to wins every time.
Deliverability and Infrastructure: Why Most Campaigns Die Early
You can have perfect copy and a locked ICP, but if your emails land in spam, none of it matters. Deliverability is the silent killer of cold email results for SaaS — and it's become significantly harder to get right since Gmail tightened enforcement in late 2025.
The Non-Negotiable Technical Setup
Gmail's current requirements for anyone sending at scale are firm: SPF, DKIM, and DMARC must be properly configured, spam complaint rates must stay below 0.1%, and one-click unsubscribe is mandatory. Non-compliant senders face temporary blocks or permanent rejection. This isn't optional anymore.
The baseline infrastructure every SaaS cold email campaign needs:
- Separate sending domains — never send cold outreach from your primary domain
- 14–21 day warm-up before sending at volume from new inboxes
- Multiple inboxes per domain — typically 3 inboxes per domain, 30–50 emails per inbox per day max
- Clean data — bounce rates above 2% signal bad list hygiene and tank sender reputation fast
- Spam complaint monitoring — set up Google Postmaster Tools and watch the dashboard weekly
Our full guide on cold email deliverability covers the technical setup step by step. If you're already seeing inbox placement problems, the cold email spam fix guide walks through diagnosing and fixing the most common issues.
Volume and Sending Patterns
Timing matters more than most people think. Instantly's 2026 report identifies Monday as the best day to launch new sequences, Wednesday as the peak for follow-up engagement, and 9:30–11:30 AM in the recipient's local timezone as the optimal send window. These patterns reflect when B2B buyers are most active and most likely to respond — not just open.
How to Build a SaaS Cold Email Sequence That Books Meetings
A well-built sequence is what separates a one-shot blast from a real pipeline engine. Here's what the data supports for SaaS outbound in 2026.
Sequence Structure
Per Instantly's 2026 benchmark data, 58% of all replies come from the first email. The other 42% come from follow-ups. That means your first email has to be your best work — but stopping after one send leaves nearly half your potential replies on the table.
The optimal sequence structure looks like this:
- Day 0 — Email 1: Hook + specific problem + one clear ask. Under 80 words.
- Day 3 — Email 2: Different angle, add value (a relevant insight, stat, or resource). Don't repeat Email 1.
- Day 7 — Email 3: Social proof or case framing — "teams like yours are solving X with Y." Keep it tight.
- Day 14 — Email 4: The breakup email. Easy to respond to, no pressure. Sometimes generates the best reply rates in the whole sequence.
Research from The Digital Bloom found a 3-7-7 cadence (Day 0, Day 3, Day 10, Day 17) captures 93% of total replies by day 10, after which additional follow-ups produce diminishing or negative returns. Four to seven touchpoints is the sweet spot per Instantly's 2026 data. More than that and you're training prospects to ignore you.
HubSpot's research shows that 80% of sales happen after five or more follow-ups — yet 48% of reps never send a second email. Most of the pipeline is sitting in the follow-ups most teams never send. Building this into a reliable system is what a strong B2B outbound system looks like in practice.
What to Actually Say
The best SaaS cold emails follow a simple pattern: You do X → you probably face Y problem → here's a specific outcome we create → can I show you how?
No feature lists. No buzzwords. No "I hope this email finds you well." One tight paragraph, one clear CTA, and one outcome the prospect actually cares about. Once you have replies coming in, classifying them correctly is just as important — our guide on AI reply classification covers how to automate response sorting so nothing falls through the cracks.
How to Track and Improve Your Cold Email Results
Most teams track open rate and stop there. That's a mistake. Open rate tells you if your subject line works. It says nothing about whether your campaign is generating pipeline. Track these instead:
| Metric | Target Range (SaaS) | What It Tells You |
|---|---|---|
| Bounce Rate | < 2% | List quality and data hygiene |
| Open Rate | 40–55% | Subject line and sender reputation |
| Reply Rate | 3–8% (10%+ elite) | Relevance of copy and ICP fit |
| Positive Reply Rate | 1–3% | Offer and targeting quality |
| Meetings / 1,000 Sends | 8–20 | True pipeline output |
| Spam Complaint Rate | < 0.1% | Deliverability health |
Run A/B tests on one variable at a time — subject line, hook type, or CTA. Each variant needs at least 200 sends before the data means anything. Changing too many things at once makes it impossible to know what actually moved the needle.
If you're building the infrastructure for this yourself, understanding how cold email fits into your broader outbound flow is essential. See the full B2B outbound system breakdown for context on how all the pieces connect. Platforms like AI outreach tools can help automate tracking, sequencing, and reporting so you're spending time on strategy, not spreadsheets.
Ready to Turn Cold Email Into Real Pipeline?
Arvani Media builds and manages done-for-you cold email systems for B2B SaaS companies — from domain infrastructure and list building to sequence writing and campaign management. If you want cold email results for SaaS without building the whole system yourself, let's talk.
Book a Free Strategy SessionFrequently Asked Questions: Cold Email Results for SaaS
A good cold email reply rate for SaaS is 5–8%, with elite campaigns hitting 10–18%. The industry average sits around 1.9–3.5% — lower than most verticals because SaaS decision-makers receive heavy outbound volume. Hitting 5%+ requires tight ICP targeting, advanced personalization, and clean deliverability infrastructure.
Yes — cold email still works for SaaS in 2026, but the bar for execution is higher than it was. According to Instantly's 2026 Benchmark Report, top-quartile SaaS senders consistently exceed 5% reply rates and book 15–20+ meetings per 1,000 sends. The channel hasn't died; it's just punishing lazy outreach more aggressively than it used to.
Keep cold emails under 80–125 words for the best reply rates. Instantly's 2026 data shows emails under 80 words outperform longer formats, and Martal's analysis found 50–125 words achieves roughly 50% higher reply rates than longer emails. One clear problem, one relevant insight, one specific ask — that's the whole email.
Four to seven touchpoints is the optimal range, per Instantly's 2026 benchmark data. Research from The Digital Bloom found that 93% of total replies come in by day 10 of a sequence. Beyond 7 follow-ups, returns drop sharply — and you risk spam complaints that hurt your sender reputation across future campaigns.
Email consistently delivers among the highest ROI of any outbound channel — Martal cites $36–$42 returned per $1 spent for well-run B2B campaigns. For SaaS specifically, the ROI depends heavily on deal size and conversion rate from meeting to close. A campaign booking 10–20 qualified meetings per 1,000 sends can generate significant pipeline at a fraction of paid acquisition costs.
Cold email results for SaaS companies in 2026 average a 1.9–3.5% reply rate — lower than most industries, but elite campaigns regularly hit 10%+ by getting three things right: a locked ICP, deliverability infrastructure, and personalization that goes beyond first name. If you're running cold outbound or evaluating it as a channel, this guide breaks down what the numbers actually look like, why SaaS underperforms the benchmark, and what separates top-performing campaigns from the noise.
What Cold Email Results for SaaS Look Like in 2026
According to Instantly's 2026 Cold Email Benchmark Report — which analyzed billions of outbound interactions — the platform-wide average reply rate sits at 3.43%, down from 5.1% two years prior. SaaS specifically runs even lower. Here's what realistic benchmarks look like across the funnel:
| Metric | SaaS Average | Top Quartile (SaaS) | Elite Performers |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open Rate | ~47.1% | 55–65% | 65%+ |
| Reply Rate | 1.9–3.5% | 5–7% | 10–18% |
| Positive Reply Rate | ~0.8–1% | 1–2% | 2–3% |
| Meetings per 1,000 Sends | 8–10 | 10–20 | 20–30 |
The open rate story is interesting — at 47.1%, software companies actually lead all industries in opens, per Martal's 2026 B2B cold email statistics. The problem is converting those opens into replies. SaaS inboxes are flooded with outbound. Your prospects have seen every pitch. The copy, targeting, and offer all have to earn the reply. For a full strategic overview, our guide on cold email for SaaS covers the channel from first principles.
The SaaS Cold Email Funnel: From First Send to Booked Pipeline
Cold email is a pipeline funnel with measurable conversion rates at each stage — not a "send and hope" channel. Understanding where deals drop off tells you exactly where to focus your optimization effort.
Typical Conversion Rates at Each Stage
A reasonably optimized SaaS cold email campaign looks like this per 1,000 emails sent:
- Emails delivered: ~980 (assuming sub-2% bounce rate)
- Opens: ~450–470 (47% open rate)
- Replies: ~20–35 (2–3.5% reply rate)
- Positive / interested replies: ~8–12
- Meetings booked: ~8–10
That means for every 1,000 well-targeted sends, a competent campaign generates roughly 8–10 real conversations. Elite campaigns with strong ICP fit and deep personalization push that to 20–30 meetings per 1,000 sends. The difference lives in the work done before you hit send — the list quality, the offer, and the sequence copy. A strong B2B outbound sales process ties all of this together into a repeatable system.
Why Meetings per 1,000 Sends Is the Metric That Matters
Reply rate is a vanity metric if you're not tracking what those replies convert into. An "out of office" reply counts. A "remove me" counts. What you want to obsess over is meetings booked per 1,000 sends — that's the number tied directly to pipeline. If you're combining cold email with LinkedIn touchpoints, the results improve substantially. Martal's analysis cites omnichannel sequences producing over 287% more results than email alone. Our breakdown of cold email vs LinkedIn covers when to use each channel and how to sequence them together.
Why SaaS Gets Lower Reply Rates Than Other Industries
SaaS reply rates run below the cross-industry average because SaaS buyers are the most bombarded prospects in outbound. Every SDR at every startup is emailing the same VP of Sales, Head of Marketing, or CTO. The volume is extreme, which means the bar for relevance is materially higher than in less crowded verticals.
Three specific reasons SaaS underperforms:
- Generic ICPs. "B2B SaaS companies with 50–500 employees" is a database filter, not a target market. When your email could have gone to 50,000 different companies, it reads exactly like that. Tight ICP definition — down to tech stack, funding stage, and trigger events — is what separates 2% from 10% reply rates. Understanding B2B buying signals helps you find prospects at the exact moment they're ready to have the conversation.
- Weak offers. Most SaaS cold emails lead with features or a vague "let's connect" ask. Neither creates urgency. Your cold email offer has to communicate a specific outcome the prospect wants, delivered in one sentence they can't ignore.
- Bad list quality. SaaS sellers are notorious for buying bulk data and blasting it. Old contacts, wrong titles, irrelevant companies — all of it tanks deliverability and reply rates before the campaign even has a chance. Learning how to build a B2B lead list properly is the unsexy foundation that everything else depends on.
Industries like recruiting and financial services often see higher reply rates partly because their value props are easier to communicate in one or two sentences. SaaS products require more context, which means your copy has to do more work — faster. See how the same principles apply in cold email for financial services, cold email for staffing companies, and even cold email for commercial real estate — the fundamentals transfer, the specifics differ.
The Reply Rate Levers That Actually Move the Needle
The data on what drives cold email results for SaaS is clear — and most senders are ignoring the biggest levers.
Personalization Beyond First Name
Martal's 2026 analysis found that emails with advanced personalization achieve 18% reply rates versus 9% for generic templates — double the output from the same sends. The catch? Only 5% of senders personalize every message. That's a significant gap most teams aren't closing.
Advanced personalization means referencing something specific: a recent hire, a product launch, a tech stack detail, a funding round, a LinkedIn post. One sentence that proves you looked at this company changes the entire tone. AI tools are making this scalable without making it robotic — our overview of AI outreach tools for sales teams covers what's actually worth using right now.
Subject Lines: What the Data Shows
Belkins' B2B subject line study found personalized subject lines hit a 46% open rate versus 35% without personalization — a 31% lift. Subject lines between 21 and 40 characters achieve the highest average open rates at 49.1%. Question-format subject lines also average 46% opens.
Practical takeaways:
- Keep subject lines under 6 words — they render fully on mobile
- Include the prospect's company name or a specific context trigger
- Questions work ("Quick question about [Company]'s outbound?") — but overused formats feel lazy instantly
- Avoid spam trigger words, excessive punctuation, and anything that reads like a marketing subject line
Hook Type and Email Length
The Digital Bloom's 2025 hook analysis found timeline-based hooks achieve 10.01% reply rates versus 4.39% for problem-based hooks — a 2.3x gap. A timeline hook ties your outreach to a specific moment: "You recently closed a Series B — most teams at this stage are scaling outbound SDR around now." It creates relevance without being pushy.
On length: Instantly's 2026 data confirms emails under 80 words outperform longer formats. Martal found 50–125 words achieves roughly 50% higher reply rates compared to longer emails. Short, specific, and easy to respond to — that wins consistently.
Deliverability and Infrastructure: Why Most Campaigns Die Early
You can have perfect copy and a sharp ICP, but if your emails land in spam, none of it matters. Deliverability is the silent killer of cold email results for SaaS — and it's gotten materially harder since Gmail tightened enforcement in late 2025.
The Non-Negotiable Technical Setup
Gmail's current requirements are firm: SPF, DKIM, and DMARC must be properly configured, spam complaint rates must stay below 0.1%, and one-click unsubscribe is mandatory. Non-compliant senders now face temporary or permanent rejection. Every SaaS cold email campaign needs:
- Separate sending domains — never cold email from your primary brand domain
- 14–21 day warm-up period before sending volume from new inboxes
- Multiple inboxes per domain — typically 3 inboxes, capped at 30–50 sends per inbox per day
- Bounce rate below 2% — anything above signals bad list hygiene and tanks sender reputation fast
- Spam complaint monitoring via Google Postmaster Tools, reviewed weekly
Our full guide on cold email deliverability covers the technical setup end to end. If you're already seeing inbox placement problems, the cold email spam fix guide walks through diagnosing and resolving the most common issues.
Sending Patterns That Protect Deliverability
Timing affects both engagement and deliverability. Instantly's 2026 report identifies Monday as the best day to launch new sequences, Wednesday as peak follow-up engagement, and 9:30–11:30 AM in the recipient's local timezone as the optimal send window. Ramping volume gradually — rather than going from zero to 500 sends overnight — is what keeps your sender reputation intact during a new campaign.
How to Build a SaaS Cold Email Sequence That Books Meetings
A well-built sequence is what separates a one-shot blast from a real pipeline engine. Here's what the data supports for SaaS outbound in 2026.
Sequence Structure and Timing
Per Instantly's 2026 benchmark data, 58% of all replies come from the first email. The remaining 42% come from follow-ups. Your first email has to be your best work — but stopping after one send leaves nearly half your potential replies on the table. HubSpot's research shows 80% of sales happen after five or more follow-ups, yet 48% of reps never send a second email.
The optimal sequence structure for SaaS outbound:
- Day 0 — Email 1: Timeline or trigger-based hook + one specific problem + a single clear ask. Under 80 words.
- Day 3 — Email 2: Different angle — add a relevant insight, stat, or resource. Don't recap Email 1.
- Day 7 — Email 3: Social proof framing — "teams in [situation] are solving [problem] with [outcome]." Keep it tight.
- Day 14 — Email 4: The breakup email. Zero pressure, easy to respond to. Often generates some of the highest reply rates in the sequence.
The Digital Bloom found a similar 3-7-7 cadence captures 93% of total replies by day 10, after which additional follow-ups produce marginal or negative returns. Four to seven touchpoints is the sweet spot. More than that and you're eroding trust and training prospects to ignore you. Systematizing this cadence is what a real B2B outbound system looks like in production.
What to Actually Say
The best SaaS cold emails follow a simple structure: You do X → you probably face Y problem → here's the specific outcome we create → can I show you how? No feature lists. No buzzwords. One tight paragraph, one CTA, one outcome the prospect actually cares about.
Once replies start coming in, classifying them correctly matters as much as generating them. Our guide on AI reply classification covers how to automate response sorting so interested leads never fall through the cracks while your team is managing volume.
How to Track and Improve Your Cold Email Results
Most teams track open rate and stop. Open rate tells you if your subject line works — it says nothing about whether your campaign is generating pipeline. Track these instead:
| Metric | Target Range (SaaS) | What It Tells You |
|---|---|---|
| Bounce Rate | < 2% | List quality and data hygiene |
| Open Rate | 40–55% | Subject line strength and sender reputation |
| Reply Rate | 3–8% (10%+ elite) | Copy relevance and ICP fit |
| Positive Reply Rate | 1–3% | Offer quality and targeting precision |
| Meetings / 1,000 Sends | 8–20 | True pipeline output |
| Spam Complaint Rate | < 0.1% | Deliverability health |
Run A/B tests on one variable at a time — subject line, hook type, email length, or CTA. Each variant needs at least 200 sends before the data is statistically meaningful, per Instantly's testing framework. Changing multiple things at once makes it impossible to know what actually moved the number.
If you're planning to hire external help, understanding what agencies charge and how they structure cold email engagements is useful context — our guide to cold email agency pricing breaks down the range and what factors drive cost. Whether you build in-house or outsource, the metrics above don't change.
Want Cold Email Results for SaaS Without Building the System Yourself?
Arvani Media is a done-for-you B2B outbound agency. We handle the full cold email infrastructure — domain setup, list building, sequence writing, AI-powered personalization, and campaign management — so your team focuses on closing, not outbound operations. If you want to know what this looks like for your specific SaaS product and ICP, let's talk.
Book a Free Strategy SessionFrequently Asked Questions About Cold Email Results for SaaS
A good cold email reply rate for SaaS is 5–8%, with elite campaigns hitting 10–18%. The industry average sits around 1.9–3.5% — lower than most verticals because SaaS decision-makers receive heavy outbound volume. Reaching 5%+ consistently requires tight ICP targeting, advanced personalization, and clean sending infrastructure.
Yes — cold email still works for SaaS in 2026, but execution standards are higher than they used to be. According to Instantly's 2026 Benchmark Report, top-quartile SaaS senders consistently exceed 5% reply rates and book 15–20+ meetings per 1,000 sends. The channel isn't dying; it's punishing lazy outreach more aggressively than it once did.
Keep cold emails under 80–125 words for the best reply rates. Instantly's 2026 data shows emails under 80 words outperform longer formats, and Martal's analysis found 50–125 words achieves roughly 50% higher reply rates than longer emails. One clear problem, one relevant insight, one specific ask — that's the whole email.
Four to seven touchpoints is the optimal range, per Instantly's 2026 benchmark data. Research from The Digital Bloom found that 93% of total replies arrive by day 10 of a sequence. Beyond 7 follow-ups, returns drop sharply and spam complaint risk increases — both of which damage future campaign performance.
Email consistently delivers among the highest ROI of any outbound channel — Martal cites $36–$42 returned per $1 spent for well-run B2B campaigns. For SaaS specifically, ROI depends on deal size and close rate from meetings booked. A campaign generating 10–20 qualified meetings per 1,000 sends can produce significant pipeline at a fraction of what paid acquisition costs at comparable deal values.